海南不同母质橡胶人工林土壤微生物群落功能特征

本研究运用Biolog-Eco微平板培养技术对海南橡胶人工林4种母质（花岗岩、玄武岩、变质岩和浅海沉积物）发育土壤微生物群落功能特征进行研究,同时测定土壤理化特性,探究不同母质发育橡胶人工林土壤微生物群落的代谢活性和功能特征及其与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明：不同母质之间橡胶人工林土壤理化性质存在显著差异,总体上玄武岩土壤肥力水平最高,其次是浅海沉积物和变质岩,花岗岩最低;随着培养时间的延长,土壤微生物吸光值（AWCD）逐渐增加并在216 h达到最大值,土壤碳源利用能力也逐渐增强并趋于稳定;花岗岩和浅海沉积物发育土壤中微生物利用碳源功能强于变质岩和玄武岩;橡胶人工林土壤微生物群落碳源代谢对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类和羧酸类较强,对胺类和多聚物类较弱;土壤微生物吸光值（AWCD）、均匀度（McIntosh指数）和优势度（Simpson指数）均与土壤孔隙度、有机碳、全氮、pH值、碳氮比等理化因子显著相关;孔隙度、pH值、全氮是影响土壤微生物功能多样性的主要环境因子。     

Biodiversity, current developments and potential biotechnological applications of phosphorus-solubilizing and -mobilizing microbes: A review

As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geological sediments and added to agricultural soils so as to meet the critical requirements of crop plants for agronomic productivity.Phosphorus exists in soil in both organic and inorganic forms.The various inorganic forms of the element in soil are salts with calcium,iron,and aluminum,whereas the organic forms come from decaying vegetation and microbial residue.There is a huge diversity of plant microbiomes(epiphytic,endophytic,and rhizospheric)and soil microbiomes that have the capability to solubilize the insoluble P and make it available to plant.The main mechanism for the solubilization of inorganic P is by the production of organic acids,which lowers soil pH,or by the production of acid and alkaline phosphatases,which causes the mineralization of organic P.The P-solubilizing and-mobilizing microorganisms belong to all three domains,comprising archaea,bacteria,and eukarya.The strains belonging to the genera Arthrobacter,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Natrinema,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,and Serratia have been reported as efficient and potential P solubilizers.The use of P solubilizers,alone or in combination with other plant growth-promoting microbes as an eco-friendly microbial consortium,could increase the P uptake of crops,increasing their yields for agricultural and environmental sustainability.     

Lowered water table causes species substitution while nitrogen amendment causes species loss in alpine wetland microbial communities

Alpine wetlands are hotspots of carbon (C) storage and methane emission, and they could be key contributors to global warming. In recent years, rapid warming has lowered the water table in alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau, concurrent with intensified nitrogen (N) deposition via anthropogenic activities. We carried out a field experiment to investigate the ecological impacts of these two factors on soil bacterial and functional communities, which are essential drivers of greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen amendment alone decreased the phylogenetic alpha-diversity of bacterial communities which could be offset by lowered water table. In contrast, microbial functional alpha-diversity, revealed by a high-throughput microarray, remained unchanged. Both bacterial and functional beta-diversity responded to lowered water table, but only bacterial community responded to N amendment. The alpha-Proteobacteria, beta-Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the major responsive bacterial lineages, and C degradation, methanogenesis, alkaline shock, and phosphorus oxidation were the major responsive functional processes. Partitioning analysis revealed that N amendment changed bacterial community structure mainly via species loss processes but did not affect bacterial functional communities, with soil pH and ammonium as the key factors influencing changes in bacterial community structure. Conversely, lowered water table altered bacterial and functional communities through species substitution processes linked to soil pH and soil moisture. According to our results, the response mechanisms of microbial communities to lowered water table and N amendment are fundamentally different in alpine wetlands.     

瘤胃液对全株甜高粱青贮质量的影响

甜高粱是一种重要的能源作物,为实现长时间贮存并提升糖化效率,该研究分析了瘤胃液不同添加量对全株甜高粱青贮品质和酶解糖化效果的影响。设置R1、R3、R5和R7共4个瘤胃液处理组(添加量依序分别为1、3、5和7 mL/100 g原料)和1个对照组(CK,等量蒸馏水),考察了瘤胃液不同添加量对全株甜高粱青贮过程中有机组分、发酵品质和酶解性能等质量指标的动态影响,并跟踪解析青贮期间微生物菌群的动态演绎。结果表明,添加瘤胃液能明显减少青贮甜高粱中的干物质、水溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白以及木质纤维组分含量,使青贮pH和氨氮含量显著下降(P0.05),并与瘤胃液添加量呈负相关。青贮中的乳酸、乙酸含量随瘤胃液添加量和青贮发酵时间延长而明显增加(P0.05),瘤胃液强化了青贮发酵并有助于减少干物质损失,尤其在较高添加量时,青贮60d时的甜高粱综纤维素含量反而有所增加。4种瘤胃液处理组的门水平优势细菌主要为厚壁菌和变形菌,厚壁菌相对丰度随时间延长和瘤胃液添加量的增加而逐渐增加,变形菌门丰度则逐渐下降;属水平主要以乳酸杆菌、泛菌和醋酸杆菌为主,乳酸杆菌丰度与时间、瘤胃液添加量呈正相关,而泛菌则呈减少趋势。瘤胃液强化青贮后的甜高粱还原糖得率显著提升,尤其瘤胃液添加量为7 mL/100 g的R7处理组的糖得率较原料分别提高了11.06%(30 d)和19.28%(60 d)。添加瘤胃液能有效改善青贮甜高粱的发酵质量和生物降解性能,起到生物强化的预处理作用,为甜高粱的乙醇化利用奠定了基础。     

不同抗旱措施配施菌肥对河西绿洲土壤改良和制种玉米产量的影响

为探讨地膜覆盖和施用保水剂配施菌肥后河西绿洲土壤微生物数量、酶活性变化及制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,在河西走廊绿洲灌区设置单地膜覆盖(AF)、单施保水剂(AW)、单施菌肥(AB)、保水剂配施菌肥(WB)、地膜覆盖配施菌肥(FB)、露地不施保水剂和菌肥(CK)6个处理,分析制种玉米播种前和收获后0—20,20—40 cm土壤微生物数量及酶活性动态变化和产量变化。结果表明:(1)菌肥单施或配施均可提高土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性和增加真菌、细菌、放线菌数量及土壤微生物碳氮含量,改善土壤微生物环境,其中保水剂配施菌肥处理改善效果最佳,其次为地膜配施菌肥处理。(2)菌肥单施对制种玉米生长影响较小,但地膜配施菌肥可显著提高制种玉米叶面积指数和干物质积累量,并能调节产量构成因子。(3)不同抗旱措施及其配施菌肥能够不同程度促进制种玉米籽粒产量形成,其中地膜配施菌肥制种玉米籽粒产量最高(10 105.64 kg/hm~2),其次为单地膜覆盖(8 967.24 kg/hm~2)和保水剂配施菌肥(8 323.93 kg/hm~2),分别较CK显著增产61.99%,43.74%,33.43%。(4)地膜配施菌肥制种玉米水分利用效率最高(2.40 kg/m~3),其次为单地膜覆盖(2.15 kg/m~3)和保水剂配施菌肥(1.89 kg/m~3),分别较CK显著提高80.10%,61.84%,41.80%。因此,综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及土壤微环境等指标,抗旱措施配施菌肥最佳组合方式为地膜配施菌肥,既能促进制种玉米的生长发育,又能提高灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,在增产的同时,还能改善耕作层土壤微环境,对河西灌区制种玉米可持续发展具有重要的意义。